The Perfect Cheese for the 18th Century...

Cheese is a very common item imported into the British North American Colonies. But with so many varieties, it can be quite a struggle to discover which cheeses are well documented as being consumed in places like Annapolis.

Luckily for us, the order books of Wallace, Davidson and Johnson provide a very good insight into many of the goods which were being imported between 1771 and 1774.

On 25 April 1771, they ordered 5ct Double Gloucester cheese, 2ct Single Gloucester cheese and 2ct Cheshire Cheese.

Then on 4 August 1771, they ordered 5ct Double Gloucester cheese, 2ct Single Gloucester Cheese and 5ct Cheshire cheese.

And on 26 November 1771, they ordered 3ct each of Gloucester cheese and Cheshire cheese.

This is as far as we have progressed through their order books at the moment, but it is clear that, with no reference to any other types or styles of cheese, these are the three main types of cheese being imported into Annapolis in the early 1770s.

So what are these three different types of cheese which are no longer common features of the American market.

Following a cattle plague which all but wiped out the Old Gloucester cows, the area surrounding Gloucester was replaced with the Longhorn. By 1789, production of Gloucester cheese was estimated at more than 1000 tons.

There are two types of Gloucester cheese, single and double.

Single Gloucester cheese were typically the same diameter but half the height of Double Gloucester cheeses.

Double Gloucester cheese was a prized cheese, comparable in quality to the best Cheddar or Cheshire cheese, and was exported out of the County, where Single Gloucester cheese tended to be consumed within the County.

Single Gloucester was sometimes known as the hay maker’s cheese, as it was matured for a short time it was ready for eating by farm laborers during the haymaking season.

Double Gloucester cheese has a characteristic light orange hue given by the addition of annatto to the milk. This has been a traditional characteristic of the cheese since the 16^th century when producers of inferior cheese used a coloring agent to replicate the orange hue achieved by the best cheese makers who were probably making the cheese from the evening’s milking to which was added the separated cream of the morning’s milking. During the summer months the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orangey color which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue was regarded as an indicator of the best cheese. 

Flavor levels depend on the age of the cheese. Most Double Gloucester is sold at about 4 months of age and has a firm close texture and a clean mellow, creamy or buttery flavor. Older cheeses will develop more complex and nutty flavors.    

 

The first reference to Cheshire cheese is in 1586, where it is recorded as "more agreeable and better relished than those of other parts of the kingdom." From 1739, the Royal Navy only bought Cheshire cheese with London being the major market for Cheshire cheese.

Cheshire Cheese is sold at different ages and like all cheese, as it matures, its taste and texture will develop. Young Cheshire is naturally bright and white in color. It is a firm bodied cheese with a crumbly texture that breaks down easily in the mouth. It has a mild, milky taste and aroma and is clean on the palate with a very slightly tangy finish.

As Cheshire matures so it becomes firmer in texture and slightly darker in color. The flavors become more complex but the cheese remains clean tasting with no hint of bitterness. The crumbly texture remains but the cheese has a drier mouth feel.

So the next time you are seeking out a cheese for the 18th century, be sure to pick up some Cheshire and Single or Double Gloucester cheese. You can't go wrong with those choices.

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Adding the Final Touch to a Shirt...

The are little details which make 18th century clothing move from costume to clothing. Sometimes this is the tailoring and others it is the accessories to the clothing.

In recent years some truly amazing work has been done in recreating some original sleeve buttons as they were known in the 18th century. today we commonly refer to these as cuff links, though that term did not appear until the 19th century.

One sleeve button design which appears at a number of sites is the "Tallio" sleeve button. Featuring a fox leaping across a plowed landscape below the word "Tallio", these are commonly found as a brass or copper alloy artifact. They have been found at many sited including the Yorktown/Williamsburg Va area, Dumfries Va, Savannah Ga, Hudson Highlands NY, Hannastown Pa, and Point Pleasant, NJ.

The oval design  for sleeve buttons became popular in the second half of the 18th century and was most common in the 1770s and onwards, replacing the previously popular octagonal shaped sleeve buttons.

In 2008 another was found in the root cellar at Ferry Farm, birthplace of George Washington. It was specifically found in a layer of debris which was deposited between 1766 and 1772.

Colonial Williamsburg has one in its collection dating to about 1775 from England which was acquired through museum purchase.

And now, if you look carefully, you will find these very same sleeve buttons are once again available as reproductions in brass with rumors of a gilt version before too long.

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