Friday, November 9, 2012

White Port... A Long Forgotten Wine of the 18th Century

One of the beverages which has been lost from popular consumption since the late Colonial Period is White Port. While not as common as Rum, Madeira and Red Port, it was still a fairly common imported beverage in late colonial Annapolis.

Today White Port is still available and Warre's White Port is one very nice bottle to enjoy for anyone wishing to sample this wine. Warre & Company was founded in 1670 and in 1729 became known as Warre when William Warre joined as a partner.




Their White Port is made from a blend of traditional Portuguese varieties from the Douro Valley. After about 48 hours of fermentation to reach the desired sweetness of the wine, Brandy is added to fortify the wine. The wine is aged an average of 3 years in oak casks and is ready to drink when bottles.

This wine is a pale straw color, with a smooth, delicate nose and fruity palate with a long crisp finish. It is an excellent wine to drink during the day when Red Port might be a bit too rich, as well as an excellent accompaniment to food.

Merchants in Annapolis imported and sold White Port as seen in this advertisement from such as Charles Wallace & Company in the Maryland Gazette on June 7, 1764.


Other merchants, such as Baltimore merchant Archibald Buchanan, would place orders with Wallace Davidison & Johnson of Annapolis, to import White Port on their behalf. This was done in 1773 when they placed an order for one gross of good White Port.

The selling of White Port was not limited to merchants. William Aikman, book seller and stationer in Annapolis advertised a few gross of White Port for sale in the Maryland Gazette on June 2, 1774.

 
So if you are looking for a slightly different taste of the 18th century, pour yourself a glass of White Port and enjoy. I know I will be enjoying many more bottles of White Port in the future!

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Saturday, November 3, 2012

Had on When They Went Away 1774... Descriptions of Runaway Indentured Servants in Maryland in the Year 1774

One of the great sources of material for putting together clothing for 18th century reenactors are the runaway advertisements of the period. These not only apply to slaves, but also to white indentured and convict servants and jail prisoners. The Maryland Gazette is no exception to this. 

These descriptions are perhaps the best view at the clothing worn by the white working classes of the late colonial period.

Below, you will find transcriptions of the clothing worn by indentured servants for the year 1774 in the first installment of what i hope to be many more such transcriptions.

Annapolis January 26
William Quelch
Wears his own gray hair; had on when he went away, a whitish colored kersey jacket, old leather breeches, osnabrig shirt, white stockings, old shoes new soled, and an old felt hat. He stole and carried away with him a white shirt, a check ditto, a pair of new shoes, four pair of stockings, a vest with the fore part made of blue hair shag, a small silver watch maker's name John Roberts, London, No. 7677, a pair of handsome silver buckles carved, a set stock-buckle marked MB, a set broach, a silver dollar that had been attempted to cut in two and not done, with other small money not known what, and several other things too tedious to mention. (He ran away from Isaac McHard of Annapolis who was a tavern keeper at the dock)

Anne Arundel County March 15
William White
Short straight hair; his clothes consist of a coarse crocus shirt, a cotton jacket and breeches, and shoes and stocking, which are very much worn. (Says he belongs to William Knight of Frederick County)

Annapolis March 17
Thomas McInerhency
A joiner by trade, wears his own hair; had on and took with him a short light colored bearskin coat and breeches of the same, a pair of reddish colored cloth breeches, double breasted red waistcoat, light gray worsted ribbed stockings. (He ran away from William Buckland of Annapolis who was an architect and undertaker)

Near Lyon's Creek, Calvert County March 22
John Baptist Dilla Franey
Had on when he went away a lightish colored jacket and breeches, osnabrig shirt, old yarn stockings, new shoes and buckles and a felt hat. (He ran away from Henry Camden living near Lyon's Creek)

Annapolis April 3
Richard Sadler
A plasterer by trade, wears his own hair; had on and took with him one light colored short bearskin coat and breeches, one white Russia drill coat and breeches, gray yarn stockings and single channel pumps
John Wakefield
A plasterer by trade, wears his own hair; his dress nearly the same as Sadler's only his shoes are quite new and country made.
Croasdale Sprotson
A joiner by trade, wears his own hair; had on a light bearskin coat and breeches, yarn stockings and country made shoes ties with leather strings.
(They ran away from William Buckland of Annapolis who was an architect and undertaker)

Hager's Town, Frederick County April 7
Thomas Lake
A barber and hair dresser by trade; had on and took with him, an old castor hat with white lining, an old brown surtout coat, an old blue straight bodied ditto with a dirty crimson velvet cape, a very old red jacket, a pair of good buckskin breeches much too large for him, two white and one check shirt

Calvert County April 7
George Young
A shoe maker by trade; had on when he went away a pair of shoe boots and plated spurs, a dark mixed broad cloth coat faced with shalloon, the back not lined, his other apparel is unknown. (He ran away from his bail)

Near Poplar Spring Chapel, Anne Arundel County April 7
Lawrence Connolly
Had on and took with him a blue coat and waist coat double breasted, white shirt, worsted stockings, new shoes and a Carolina felt hat. (Ran away from Charles Porter of the plantation near Poplar Spring Chapel which was owned by John Dorsey living on Elk Ridge)

Talbot County April 14
Robert Farrow
Wears his own hair; had on and took with him an old felt hat patcht on the crown, a blue half thick jacket, a stripe lappelled ditto, country kersey breeches, milled sail stockings, old nailed shoes patcht behind. (Ran away from Benjamin Sands of Talbot County)

George Town, Frederick County April 20
Festus Burke
Wears his own hair; had on when he went away a half worn blue duffel jacket with sleeves, a white linen shirt, leather breeches, a pair of pretty good shoes, old thread stockings, and an old castor hat. He likewise had on an iron collar. (Ran away from William Deakins of George Town in Frederick County)

Elk Ridge, Anne Arundel County May 10
Thomas Bready
Has long brown hair clubbed and often nicely curled at the sides; his common dress is a fulled black and white country cloth over jacket, very long, a short under waistcoat unfulled black and white, with breeches of the same, black and white country yarn stockings, old country shoes with strings, one of them patched on the side, a pretty good English fine hat with a black silk band and buckle; he carried with him sundry other clothes, viz., an old green cassimere coat very much worn and faded, an old striped flannel waistcoat, a pair of mixed cloth breeches made out of an old coat turned, he has a brown dowlas and two osnabrig shirts. I have since discovered that he has stolen a light mixed wilton coat with a red cape, and a light blue broad cloth waistcoat with plain white metal capped buttons. (Ran away from Reuben Meriwether of Elk Ridge in Anne Arundel County)

Wye Town May 20
George Mitchell
Hair is generally clubbed behind and curled at the ears; had on and took with him when he went away, a white linen  and an osnabrig shirt, a light colored fearnought waistcoat, white drilling breeches, thread stockings, and a pair of jockey boots. (Ran away from Richard Grason of Wye Town)

Herring Bay, Anne Arundel County May 22
Henry Reed
A coach maker by trade, short hair; had on and took with him a white cotton jacket and waistcoat, two osnabrig shirts, a pair of white cotton trousers, negro shoes with strings, old check handkerchief and an old hat. (Ran away from Isaac Simmons of Herring Bay in Anne Arundel County)

Near Lyon's Creek, Anne Arundel County June 9
John White
A gardener and farmer by trade, short hair and a beard; had on and took with him a light mixed cloth coat and waistcoat, with yellow metal buttons, nankeen breeches, with pale yellow ferret on the knees, old thread stockings spotted with linen, and a pair of light worsted ones ribbed, a pair of old channel pumps, and small pinchback buckles, two pair of black knit breeches, a fine linen shirt and neckcloth marked IK, two muslin ones marked I  W with black silk, a good fashionable hat, three coarse shirts, and three osnabrigs ditto, three pair of osnabrig trousers. (Ran away from John Kilty of near Lyon's Creek in Anne Arundel County)

On Lyon's Creek, Calvert County May 27
Thomas Gregory
A butcher by trade; had on a gray coat, white shirt, dirty leather breeches, black worsted stocking and London made shoes.
Isaac Skipper
Dressed in a pale green cloth coat, white shirt, trousers or dark colored short breeches and a felt hat
(They ran away from William Johnson on Lyon's Creek in Calvert County)

Bladensburgh, Prince George's County June 13
William Wallace
A tailor by trade; had on when he went away a jean colored coat and jacket, white yellow gilt buttons, a pair of pompadore colored breeches, white ribbed stockings, a white holland shirt with a watch in his pocket. N.B. It is supposed he went away with a sailor who had on a blue coat with yellow metal buttons, striped jacket and nankeen breeches. (Ran away from Adam Craig of Bladensburgh in Prince George's County)

Annapolis June 13
Joseph Belong
A joiner and painter by trade, wears his own hair; his dress is supposed to be a dark gray coat, nankeen waistcoat and breeches, and new shoes (Ran away from George Steuart of Annapolis)

Annapolis June 13
Thomas King
A bricklayer by trade; had on and took with him, a brown bearskin coat, blue cloth waistcoat and breeches, gray yarn stockings, country made shoes and castor hat. (Ran away from Richard Sprigg of Annapolis)

Annapolis June 13
Thomas Easton
A joiner by trade, short hair; it is supposed he has on and has with him  a suit of purple cloth with twist buttons, a new fine hat, an old brown cloth coat, black velvet waistcoat, leather breeches, striped holland trousers, a pair of English shoes that have been soled, and sundry white shirts and neckclothes. (Ran away from John Randall of Annapolis)

Alexandria Ferry on the Maryland side, Prince George's County June 16
Thomas Breaten
Had on and took with him, one blue surtout coat, one light colored bearskin ditto much worn, one Irish linen shirt, three osnabrig ditto, one pair of buckskin breeches, two or three pair of osnabrig trousers, one pair of black worsted hose, one pair light ditto, an half worn felt hat, a pair of shoes not fellows, a pair of leather bags, and other things too tedious to mention. (Ran away from John Clifford of Alexandria Ferry on the Maryland side in Prince George's County)

Near Piscataway, Prince George's County May 26
Thomas Columbine
Short hair; had on and took with him, a brown thickset coat, an old red cloth jacket, pale blue ditto, striped blue and white damask ditto, with lapels, one pair of leather breeches very black and greasy, one pair of white drillings ditto, one pair of men's shoes and buckles almost new, thread and worsted stockings, and an old castor hat, he has a watch in his pocket. (Ran away from William Lyles near Piscataway in Prince George's County)

Anne Arundel County June 13
Thomas Sexton
Short hair; had on when he went away, one old red duffil jacket, country cloth breeches, Irish linen shirt, and a hat about half worn bound with old binding. (Ran away from Seborn Tucker of Anne Arundel County) (Note - He was apprehended by June 30 and held at the Charles County Gaol wearing an old red waistcoat, country cloth breeches, and an Irish linen shirt)

Near Little Pipe Creek, Baltimore County June 3
James Riley
Short hair; 
Patrick Ennis
They had on and took with them, a blue broad cloth coat, with a small cape to the neck, and silver capped buttons, one ditto of a lightish mixt color which has been turned and the pockets moved from the sides to the folds, yellow buttons, one brown broad cloth jacket, with red backs and gold basket buttons, one ditto country spun and striped, much worn, a pair of old velvet breeches, patches in the crotch with blue cloth, one pair osnabrig trousers, one pair ditto striped linen, three Irish linen shirts marked R O, one osnabrig ditto, three pair of shoes, a pair of plated buckles, and a pair of odd ones, a castor hat, one ditto of felt, bound round the edge with with worsted binding, took with them a cane with a sword in it , and a pocket pistol. (Ran away from Richard Owings near Little Pipe Creek in Baltimore County)

Near Brian Town, Charles County June 20
Thomas Clifford
Took with him, a dark gray coarse broad cloth coat lined with black shalloon, trimmed with black buttons and holes, a black broad cloth waistcoat and breeches, two white Russia linen and one new osnabrig shirts, a pair of new osnabrig trousers, a coarse castor hat lined with yellow linen, and cut after the maccaroni fashion. (Ran away from Thomas Thornton near Brian Town in Charles County)

Patuxent Iron Works, Anne Arundel County May 24
James Lindsey
Had on and took with him, 2 cotton jackets, 2 osnabrig shirts, 1 pair cotton breeches, 1 pair osnabrig trousers, a felt hat, and old shoes.
Thomas Surton
Short hair; had on and took with him, an old castor hat, 2 cotton jackets, 2 osnabrig shirts, a pair of old brown roll trousers, and old shoes.
(They ran away from John Samuel and H. Snowden of the Patuxent Iron Works in Anne Arundel County)

Patuxent Iron Works, Anne Arundel County June 28
James Cookman
Had on a took with him an osnabrig shirt, crocus trousers, cotton jacket, old hat, and old shoes. N.B. There is missing an old blue broad cloth coat, waist coat and breeches, one white linen shirt, and two pair of stockings, which is probable he may have taken with him. (Ran away from Thomas Snowden at the Patuxent Iron Works in Anne Arundel County)

Anne Arundel County July 11
Jane Hall
She hath on and with her an old camblet jacket and quilted petticoat, a white flannel ditto with calico border, and a calico bedgown. Says she belongs to Samuel Neale of Baltimore Town. (Held at the Anne Arundel County Gaol)

Elk Ridge Landing, Anne Arundel County June 15
William Byers
Had on a brown coat and jacket, with check tousers.
Thomas Baird
Had on a blackish coat, jacket, and breeches.
Margaret Byers wife of William Byers
Had on, a dark ground calico gown, her other clothes are forgot.
(They ran away from Archibald Moncreiff of Elk Ridge Landing in Anne Arundel County)

Baltimore Town, Baltimore County July 6
Samuel Howis
A tailor and staymaker by trade, has short hair; a white Welch cotton coat, with a fall down collar and shirt skirts, a dark wilton jacket, linen breeches, old shoes with nails in the heels, his oher clothes unknown, he took a country made sickle with him.
Edward Williams
Has short hair; took with him a new osnabrig bedtick, a light colored superfine broad cloth coat, which is too small for him, one old dark colored cloth coat, trimmed with brass buttons and brown binding, one brown broad cloth jacket, one green bird eyed ditto, several pair of coarse gray stockings new felt hat, sundry knives and buckles, with some store goods unknown, osnabrig shirts, and a silver watch, the winding chain is broke.
(They ran away from Abraham Jarrett of Baltimore Town in Baltimore County)

Near Port Tobacco, Charles County June 25
William Murphey
Hair tied in a club; had on and took with him, a brown surtout coat much worn, black waistcoat and breeches, short cotton jacket, a pair of coarse linen breeches, white shirt, check ditto, a pair of boots almost new, a new pair of shoes, and a new felt hat, with a bed, blanket and rug.
Thomas Stone
A joiner by trade; had on and took with him, a light colored cloth coat and waistcoat, a pair of blue breeches, check shirt, osnabrig trousers, coarse stockings, a pair of shoes almost new.
(They ran away from Baker Brooke near Port Tobacco in Charles County)

George Town, Frederick County June 29
John Bryan
A plasterer and tiler by trade, has short hair but wore an old wig over it; had on and carried with him, a blue cloth coat and blue surtout, a striped linsey-woolsey jacket, a white ditto, a pair of leather breeches, a pair of white twilled ditto, a pair of blue worsted hose, a pair of white thread ditto, and a good castor hat. (Ran away from William Deakins Jr of George Town in Frederick County)

Annapolis July 8
Thomas Spriggs
A silk weaver by trade, with short hair; had on and took with him, a white flannel jacket trimmed with black buttons and bindings, a coarse check shirt and osnabrig tousers.
Benjamin Porter
Coachman to Thomas Ringgold Esq., with curled hair; had on and took with him a light gray Bath beaver great coat, a thickset frock, a short flannel waistcoat, and a pair of leather breeches
(Spriggs ran away from William Whetcroft of Annapolis who was a jeweler)

Alexandria Ferry on the Maryland side, Prince George's County July 31
Thomas Breaten
Had on and took with him, a light colored Wilton coat, blue broad cloth jacket, striped country ditto, osnabrig shirt, irish linen ditto, a pair of osnabrig trousers, striped holland ditto, buckskin breeches, country made pumps, plated buckles, and felt hat. (Ran away from John Clifford of Alexandria Ferry on the Maryland side in Prince George's County) (Note - This is the same Thomas Breaton who ran away in a June 16, 1774 advertisement and has run away again)

Rock Creek, Frederick County August 3
Joseph Barker
Own hair tied behind; had on and took with him, a reddish colored mixed broad cloth coat with a velvet cape, two white flannel short jackets bound with red, two pair of nankeen breeches, a pair of old leather breeches, a pair of old worsted stockings, a pair of thread ditto, old shoes, and a felt hat. (Ran away from Richard Crabb of Rock Creek in Frederick County)

Elk Ridge, Anne Arundel County August 8
Stephen Steuart
Had on and took with him, a new osnabrig shirt, new coarse country linen trousers, new felt hat, an old lightish colored fulled country cloth coat without cuffs, the fore parts and sleeves much patched, and is considerably too long for him, a pair of old shoes, lately soled, and iron buckles without tongues, which he fastens on with nails. P.S. I understand he has since stolen a sandy wig, a spotted swanskin jacket, a check shirt, and a pair of pumps. (Ran away from John Hood of Elk Ridge in Anne Arundel County)

Near the Falls of the Gunpowder, Harford County August 29
Mark Coe
Short hair; had on and took with him when he went away, a hat cut small in the brim and tarred or oiled, two white linen shirts, one red cloth jacket with sleeves, a light colored ditto without sleeves, one pair of crocus trousers, one pair of leather breeches, a pair of gray yarn or worsted stockings ribbed, and a pair of old shoes nailed round the heels.
John Paxman
A weaver by trade, with short hair; had on and took with him when he went away, a hat much as the above described, osnabrig shirt, old brown cloth coat with tar on it, crocus trousers, black ribbed stockings, and old shoes.
(They ran away from Nicholas Merryman)

Dorchester County July 30
Simon Trayner
A ditcher and flax dresser by trade; had on when he went away, a deep blue broad cloth coat and waistcoat, with white raised metal buttons, a pair of brown hair plush breeches, an osnabrig shirt, a pair of thread stockings, and half worn shoes. (Ran away from Thomas Hilleairey of Dorchester County)

Joppa Town, Harford County August 15
Thomas Painter
Very short hair, it is thought he took a light colored wig with him; had on and took with him, a light colored cloth coat, with velvet cape much worn, a black cloth jacket without sleeves, buckskin breeches, and coarse linen ditto, very greasy, Irish linen shirt, osnabrigs ditto, grey rib'd worsted stockings, good shoes and plated buckles, castor hat half worn. (Ran away from Alexander Cowan of Joppa Town in Harford County)

September 9
Edwin Bean
A tailor by trade, hair tied behind; had on a brown surtout with gilt buttons and claret colored bindings, a light colored brown cloth coat and a pair of thickset breeches. (Ran away from his bail living in Dorchester County. Ad placed by James Conney)

In the fork of the Gunpowder River, Baltimore County September 19
John Rice
Had on and took with him when he went away, a small hat with brim bound, a brown coat, blue jacket, one striped ditto, a pair of light colored breeches, white cotton stockings, white worsted and brown thread ditto, white linen shirt, osnabrig ditto and trousers, a pair of double soled shoes stitched round the quarters, a silk handkerchief. (Ran away from John Stevenson in the fork of the Gunpowder River in Baltimore County)

On Point Branch, Prince George's County September 22
Michael Conray
Hair tied behind; had on and took with him an old castor hat of the new fashion, cocked up behind, an old dark colored bearskin coat with long skirts and turned down cape, a jacket with blue foreparts, the back dark bearskin with short skirts, old black breeches much patched, a pair of crocus trousers, two old check shirts, a pair of old thread stockings, a pair of old pumps or brougs. (Ran away from Isaac Short on Point Branch in Prince George's County)

Annapolis September 26 
Thomas Salisbury
A coachman, short hair; had on and took with him, a white drilling coat and breeches, with white metal buttons, several white shirts, brown worsted stockings, a pair of new thin pumps and a gold laced hat. (Ran away from Richard Lee of Annapolis)

Annapolis September 26
John Rhodes
A carpenter by trade, short hair; had on a suit of superfine broad mixed colored cloth that had been lately turned, white metal buttons, two or three white shirts, and an old beaver hat. (Ran away from Philip Thomas Lee)

Anne Arundel County September 28
White servant man
Has on an old osnabrig shirt, and an old jacket and breeches, has a pair of stockings on without feet and no shoes. Says he ran away from Edward Garrett of Frederick County. (Held at the Anne Arundel County Gaol)

Near Snowden's Iron Works, Anne Arundel County October 6
William Griffith
Short hair; had on when he went away, a blue shag jacket, white fustain breeches, thread stockings, two pair of shoes, and two pair of yellow buckles, a castor hat about half worn, a striped Hole hand shirt and a mixed colored coat half worn. (Ran away from James Elder from near Snowden's Iron Works in Anne Arundel County)

Near Garrison Church, Baltimore County October 3
Nell Fitzgerald
Had on when she went away, an old check bonnet, white bed gown, black quilted petticoat, a pair of old black cloth shoes. (Ran away from Thomas Lane near Garrison Church in Baltimore County)

Near Elk Ridge Landing, Anne Arundel County, October 6
Thomas Boucher
Had on and took with him, gray fearnought jacket, gray cloth lappelled ditto without sleeves, two osnabrig shirts and trousers, country made shoes, and felt hat.
Laurance Fisher
Short hair and beard; had on a cotton jacket, osnabrig shirt and trousers, country made shoes and felt hat, supposed to have a forest cloth jacket faced and turned up with red.
(They ran away from Caleb Owings near Elk Ridge Landing in Anne Arundel County)

Dorsey's Forge, Baltimore County September 25
William George
A carpenter and joiner by trade,short hair; had on and took with him, one check shirt, one osnabrig shirt, old leather breeches, light blue jacket without sleeves, small round hat, bound with black worsted binding, and has a small piece of crape tied round the crown, a pair of ribbed worsted stockings, and a pair of pumps with steel buckles, had on an iron collar.
Soloman Burnham
Professes himself to be a complete farmer, short curled hair; had on and took with him, one osnabrig shirt, blue gray jacket without sleeves, leather breeches, a coarse hat about half worn, a pair of yarn stockings, one pair of shoes and buckles, had on an iron collar.
Samuel Chapman
Had on and took with him, a cloth jacket, an osnabrig shirt, a check ditto, osnabrig trousers, a pair of stockings, new shoes with buckles, and a new felt hat.
They ran away from Samuel Dorsey Jr. and Edward Norwood at Dorsey's Forge in Baltimore County)

Near Joseph Scott's Mill in Gunpowder Barrens, Baltimore County July 6
Allis Ashworth
A weaver by trade, has a beard; had on and took when he went away, a blue double breasted jacket, with sleeves, an old white under ditto, an old osnabrig shirt, a pair of new tow trousers, a new felt, and pair of new shoes. (Ran away from Matthias Wisnor)

Annapolis November 3
John Johnson
A baker by trade; had on and is supposed to have taken with him,a light colored cloth coat with metal buttons, a fustian waistcoat, two dowlass and two linen shirts, a pair of leather breeches and osnabrig trousers, had a silver watch in his pocket with a silver dial plate to it.
Matthew Driscol
A baker by trade, short hair; had on and took with him, a blue coat and jacket, with yellow metal buttons, a crimson flannel waistcoat, check shirt, leather breeches, and osnabrig trousers.
Charles Blundell
A rope maker by trade, very short hair; had on and took with him, a dark brown jacket, osnabrig shirt and trousers.
(They ran away from Whetcroft and Higginson)

George Town, Prince George's County November 9
John Wilson
A barber by trade, wears his own short hair; had on when he went away, a London brown cloth coat, red waistcoat, nankeen breeches, shoes and stockings  and a castor hat. (Ran away from William Belt of George Town in Frederick County)

Charles County November 7
Robert Mills
A gardener by trade; he had on and took with him, a snuff colored cloth coat and breeches, a red jacket, two white shirts, a checked one, a pair of shoes, stockings, a hat, and a silk handkerchief.
James Bell
A mason by trade; took with him a blue coat, a brown jacket, snuff colored breeches, a hat, a pair of shoes, stockings, and a number of small bells.
(They ran away from Samuel Hanson of Charles County)

Charles County October 26
James Buckinhorne
His clothing, two osnabrig shirts and trousers, old shoes and an old hat. Says he belongs to George Moore of Blandensburgh. (Held at the Charles County Jail)

Near Choptank Bridge November 24
Henry Williams
Wears his own hair not tied; stole and took with him, a whitish frize short coat with metal buttons, two large for him, old buckskin breeches, country linen trousers over them, milled stockings lately footed, good shoes. (Ran away from William Chipley near Choptank Bridge)

Near Northampton Furnace, Baltimore County December 4
William Harrison
Short hair; had on and took with him, a surtout coat with the skirts cut off, two red jackets, one of them has leather buttons, a small tarred hat, blue coarse ribbed stockings.
Joseph Coltman
A weaver by trade, hair tied behind; long blue coat, snuff colored jacket, white knit breeches, white cotton stockings, good shoes, one pair of plated and one pair of pinchback buckles.
(They ran away from William Bosley and John Willmott Jr.)

Mouth of the Monocacy, Frederick County December 14
James Powel
Had on a white cotton waistcoat and breeches, trimmed with wooden buttons with brass shanks, an under light gray waistcoat homespun and filled, trimmed with the same kind of buttons above, an osnabrig shirt, coarse yarn stockings, shoes with leather strings, and a felt hat. (Ran away from Edward Jones at the mouth of the Monocacy in Frederick County)

All Rights Reserved.

Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Madeira... Developing a Taste for that Favorite Wine of the 18th Century

In the late colonial period in the British North American Colonies which later became the United States of America, Madeira was king. While there are references to Port, Hoch and Claret, it is Madeira which was imported and consumed in greater quantities than any other wine. 

In 1665 the British government gave Madeira a boost in their North American colonies when they exempted it from being shipped on British ships from British ports to the colonies, as was required of all other European goods.


It appears that as war approached between the colonies and Great Britain trade with Madeira began to slow as well. The last reported importation of Madeira before the war began was on December 8, 1774, when the schooner Polly arrived from Madeira with 30 pipes (a pipe is equal to 110 1/2 gallons) of Madeira aboard.

Like Port, Madeira is a fortified wine to which Brandy has been added. But unlike other fortified wines, Madeira is heated for several months, in special vats or attics, or in the 18th century the hulls of ships crossing the Atlantic as well. It is a style of Madeira, not specifically identified in writings of the 18th century by name, which became known as Rainwater in the 19th century which was the king of Madeira wines.




Rainwater got its name from its pale color, delicate texture and flavor. Unfortunately in the 20th century the name rainwater became associated with sweet soft wines which had nothing in common with the great wines formerly known as Rainwater and most who come across a bottle of this style wine today will taste a poor wine with very little in common with the 18th century.

The Rare Wine Company purchased some bottles of Rainwater Madeira which was imported into New York in the 1820s and put into glass, preserving a flavor of the 19th century wine which was not influenced by oak barrels. They shared samples of this wine with Barbieto wine maker Ricardo Freitas and asked him to model their own Rainwater, called Baltimore Rainwater after the huge popularity of this wine among Baltimore Society into the 20th century.


They began with a base of 80% Verdelho in lots ranging from 2 to 13 years. Verdelho would have been the most common in early Rainwater Madeira. To this were added two different lots of old Tinta Negra Mole. Each of these components was aged in the time honored Cantiero method period to entering the blend.


They have succeeded in producing for the first time in over 50 years a Rainwater Madeira truly worthy of that name given to the great wines of Madeira.


What you are presented with is an wine of ethereal body, great finesse and delicate flavors with just a touch of sweetness.


All Rights Reserved.

Friday, October 26, 2012

Beyond Silks and Woollens... Mercery, Stuffs and Cardinals in Late Colonial Maryland

Outside paintings, diaries, letters and newspaper advertisements, there is one very good source which provides some insight into the variety of mercery, stuffs and cardinals which were imported into Annapolis, Maryland in the late Colonial period. In these records you will find additional silks as not every merchant at the time listed silks in a separate category, but rather listed them in with mercery or stuffs. The same was true for cardinals. 

From 1771 to 1775, the Annapolis merchant firm of Wallace, Davidson & Johnson imported mercery, stuffs and cardinals not only for their own store on the city dock in Annapolis, but also for individual customers special orders as well as other merchants doing business in other parts of the Province.

Below is a partial transcription of their order books, showing the mercery, stuffs and cardinals as well as when and for whom they were being ordered.

It is hoped that this will provide some interesting information for other researchers as well as reenactors and dress makers.

(from Maryland State Archives, Chancery Court (Chancery Papers, Exhibits) Wallace, Davidson Johnson, Order Books, 1771/4/25-1775/11/16. MSA S 528-27/28)  

Order Books
25 April 1771
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Stuffs
1 ps good black tammy
1 ps white do
1 ps blue do
1 ps green do
1 ps pink do
1 ps black durants
1 ps white do
1 ps blue do
1 ps green do
1 ps pink do
1 ps brown do
1 ps black callimanco
1 ps pink do
1 ps cloth colored crape
1 ps black Russell
1 ps plain brown camblet
1 ps low priced black bombazine
½ ps fine mourning crape
½ ps better do
3 ps hatband crape not to exceed 1/ p yd
4 ps fashionable dorsetteens
2 ps new fashioned check lutestrings
2 ps do clouded do
6 black quilted durants petticoats
6 blue do

Order Books
25 April 1771
For Thomas Johnson

Mercery
1 fashionable pink colored quilted silk petticoat

Order Books
25 April 1771
For George Cook

Mercery
1 pattern silk taffity for a neglege
1 blue pertain quilted petticoat

Order Books
23 January 1772
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Cardinal
1 womans black satin cardinal very fashionable trimmed with black & white ermine

Order Books
20 March 1772
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Hats Bonnets & Cloaks
No more Markt womens bonnets
3 Doz fashionable black bonnets sorted
2 doz white & colored of the newest fashion bonnets
1 doz hats sorted none black
2 doz black white & other colored cloaks of the very newest fashion some good & some satin
1 doz girls colored bonnets
½ doz boys caps with feathers

Stuffs
4 ps black tammy                                 3 ps black callimanco
4 ps white do                                        1 ps pink do
2 ps blue do                                          1 ps blue do
1 ps pink do                                          1 ps black Russell
3 ps black durants                                               2 ps crape for gounds
3 ps white do                                        12 ps black crape sorted
3 ps blue do                                          5 ps black bombazine
2 ps sky blue do                                   4 doz womens Durant quilted coats well sorted some good
2 ps pink do                                          150 yds hatband crape
2 ps green do                                        2 ps green poplin with trimmings
2 ps brown do                                       2 ps japand poplin
                                                                2 ps denmare lutestring
                                                                ½ doz pelong quilted petticoats different colors & prices
                                                                ½ doz Persian do sorted in color & price
                                                                1 ps crimson poplin with trimmings
20 ps yd wide stuff about 1/ p yd for womens common gowns sorted
12 ps brown camblet some pretty good
2 ps striped & checkered camblets as much decent stuffs as will make 30 or 40 womens gowns well sorted & not too dear for winter

Women’s Cardinals
10 doz womens scarlet cardinals from 8/. To 24/. Mostly of the cheapest sort
1 doz scarlet cloaks
1 doz colored do
The last cardinals was well bought and went of immediately

Order Books
24 October 1772
For Richard Tilghman Earle (Store at Chester Mill, Queen Anne County, just east of present day Centreville)

Cloaks & Cardinals
1 handsome purple ingrained cloth cardinal trimmed with ermine 30/.
½ doz cardinals trimmed with snailing 10/6
1 doz cloaks 10/.

Mercery
2 ps sarsnatt pale blue pink & white @ 2/4
3 ps ½ Ell English Persian to match sarsnetts
2 ps flow’d pelong pale blue and white with trimmings to match to make shades and bonnets @ 3/6
6 ps ingrain durants @ 35/
3 ps deep blue pale blue and pea green 32/6
4 ps black white & 2 cloth colors 30/
1 ps black 16 inch calimanco 32/
6 ps yd wide handsome figured stuffs 30/
4 ps tammies different colors 22/6
6 ps shalloons cloth colors from 30/ to 40/
2 ps sagathy deep blue & pea green with trimmings

Order Books
24 May [1773]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Silk Cardinals
½ doz genteel fashionable silk cardinals
1 doz common do well sorted & chiefly black

Order Books
9 October 1773
For John Conman

Mercery
1 ps dark brown camblet 1/ p yd

Order Books
9 October 1773
For Benjamin Hall

Mercery
1 ps grave colored india Persian

Order Books
21 November 1773
For Hall Gilbert & Hall

Mercery
2 ps pink tammys 25/
1 ps green do 22/
2 ps pale blue durants 30/
1 ps black callimanco 34/
1 ps pink do 35/
1 ps dark blue do 35/
2 ps dark brown camblet 40/
2 ps blue do 42/
1 ps light blue do 49/
1 ps superfine brown do 54/
2 ps neat pink & light blue silveretts
1 ps fashionable colored do
½ ps pink pelong 3/6 p yd
½ ps black do 3/
½ ps blue do 3/6
½ ps blue sarcenet
½ ps white do
3 womens cloth colored cardinals 11/6
2 do black silk do 20/

Order Books
No Date [1773]
For Buchannan & Cowen

Stuffs &c
1 womans light col’d cloak large & quite plain very fine for an old woman about 40/
2 ps good blue & yellow tammy 22/
1 ps broad white do 23/
1 ps pink Ing’d do 24/
1 ps cloth col’d Durant 30/
1 ps do superfine do 33/
1 ps light blue do 34/
1 ps deep blue do 35/
1 ps red do 37/6
1 ps fash’b barleycorn Durant 31/
1 ps fash’b tobines 34/
4 ps brown camblit 30 yds 24/
2 ps fine do 38 40/
2 ps cloth col’d & blue 38 42/
1 ps cambletee 32/
2 ps good calamanco black 31/
1 ps pale blue do 33/
1 ps red do 35/
1 ps good blue sagothy 30 yds 50/
1 ps fine bro do 30 yds 54/
1 ps cloth col’d do 30 55/
2 ps good duroys 35/
Trimmings for the above
1 ps messinets 54 yds 1/5
2 ps fash’b corded poplins 40/
2 ps wors’d lutestrings 26/
1 ps fashionable brilliants
1 ps black crape

Order Books
No Date [1773]
For Archibald Buchannan

Stuffs
3 ps good blue tammy 21/6
2 ps yellow do 22/
1 ps broad white do 22/
1 ps pink in grain 24/6
6 ps handsome striped & flow’d barleycorns 30/ to 33/
3 ps do tobino 33/
3 ps figured camblitts 27/6
3 pr brown do 30/
3 ps blue green & pink do 32/
2 ps light brown do 24/ 25/
2 ps olive & garnet 30 yds 25/
1 ps fine brown 41/
1 ps fine brown camblet 34/
1 ps do 48/
1 ps fine cloth col’d durants 29/
2 ps sky blue do 28/
1 ps dup do 30/
1 ps blue calimanco 32/6
1 ps drab do 31/6
1 ps black do 32/6
1 ps brown do 31/6
1 ps pink
1 ps fine do
4 ps fash’b wor’d lutestring 26 yds ea 25/6
2 ps fash’b do clouded 26/
1 ps good black Russell 40 yds 1/6
1 ps fine cloth col’d sagothy 46/
1 ps do brown do 56/
1 ps claret do 76/
1 ps London brown do 80/
2 ps fine duroy 19/
2 ps superfine do 30/

Order Books
No Date [1773]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Mercery
10 ps black gown crape
3 ps colored do
3 ps black bombazines
3 ps sagothy with complete trimmings
3 ps duroy with complete trimmings

Order Books
No Date [1773]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson’s Nottingham Store

Mercery
1 ps brown sagothy 60/
1 ps do 66/
1 ps duroy 36/

Order Books
No Date (previously listed order was 1773)
For Aquila Hall

Mercery
1 ps good pink durants 40/
1 best fine pale blue superfine cloth cardinal with a snail round it

Order Books
19 March 1774
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Mercery
2 ps black tamy
2 ps blue do
2 ps white do
1 ps pink do
2 ps black Durant sor’d
2 ps white do
2 ps blue do
2 ps green do
2 ps brown do
2 ps pink do
6 ps fash’b neat stuffs for womens gowns good
4 ps black callimanco sorted
3 doz quilted Durant petticoats different colors chiefly black the remainder blue  & greens
10 ps black crape sorted
3 ps ½ Ell bombazine
6 ps colored crape
1 doz scarlet cloth cloaks from 7/6 to 11/
4 doz scarlet cardinals from 8/ to 15/ mostly middle prices
2 doz fine do from 16/ to 21/

Order Books
19 March 1774
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson’s Nottingham Store

Mercery
4 girls scarlet cloth cardinals 7/6
4 womens do trimmed with garland 10/
4 do do 12/
6 do do with furr 14/
6 do do 18/
6 large scarlet cloaks 12/
6 ps yard wide stuffs ea ps different pattern
1 ps queens stuffs      1 ps blk crape
1 ps black Russell       1 ps blk callimanco
1 ps tartin for gowns  1 ps hatband crape

Order Books
20 March 1774
For Archibald Buchannan

Mercery
4 ps fash’b striped & flo’d barlycorns 32/
2 ps do stuffs 35/
3 ps tobins 35/
5 ps fig’d yd wide stuffs 30/
2 ps fash’b dazett camblets 25/
2 ps diamond do 30/
3 ps brown cambletts 25/ 27/
1 ps blue 35/
2 ps snuff col’d do 36/ 40/
2 ps green do 37/
2 ps light do 25/
1 ps good blk Russell
3 ps cloth col’d durants 33/
3 ps blue green & white 34/
5 ps callimanco (ass’d) 30/ to 37/
1 ps blue flow’d damask 48/
1 ps light col’d do
2 ps messonetts 30 yds ea 36/
2 ps silverets
2 ps fig’d & striped camblets
2 ps clouded wors’d lutestring
3 ps fash’b stuffs for womens winter gowns
3 womens scarlet cloaks 8/
3 long do 9/
3 do do 10/
6 do dove col’d largest 8/ & 9/
6 do do cardinals so 14/
4 do do 16/
2 do do 17/
6 scarlet do 17/ & 19/

Order Books
20 March 1774
For Buchannan & Cowan

Mercery
1 ps durants 40 yds 1/6
3 large cloth col’d cloaks 7/
4 red do 8/
4 cloth colored cardinals 12/
6 do 14/
4 scarlet do 12/
6 do do 14/
6 do do 15/
6 do with ermine 18/
6 black do 12/6
3 ps brown cambletts 22/
3 ps do ass’d 24/
3 ps fine bro’d do 27/
2 ps do do 33/
2 ps quaker col’d do 38/
1 ps black tammy 22/
3 ps tammy blue white & green 23/
1 ps do pink 26/
1 fash’b checkard yd wide wors’d lutestring 32/
1 ps fine black Durant 32/
2 ps figured checkard barleycorns 32/
1 ps saxon green Durant 32/
1 ps pea green Durant 35/
1 ps white do 32/6
2 ps fine cloth col’d do 32/
2 ps supple do 35/
2 ps deep blue do 35/
2 ps pale & sky blue 35/
2 ps fine blk callimanco 31/
2 ps brown do 31/
2 ps deep & sky blue call’o 33/
2 ps pink & cherry do 36/
2 ps fash’b ½ yd check’d lutestring 24/
2 ps clouded do 26/
3 ps rich fash’b ½ yd cor’d poplin 42/
4 ps do ½ yd brilliants col’d 44/
1 ps bro camblettee 34/
2 ps green & blue 34/
2 ps fash’b queens stuff 37/6

Order Books
9 April 1774
For Hall, Gilbert & Hall

Mercery
2 ps brown camblit 36/
1 ps fine do 38/
2 ps do blue do 42/
1 ps supple blue do 50/
1 ps do brown do 50/
2 ps neat fig’d stuffs 32/
3 ps dorsetteens 26/
2 ps very neat brilliants  (fash’b)
3 ps fash’b stuffs forwinter gowns of the latest fashions
6 cloth col’d cardinals trimmed 14/
6 scarlet do do 16/

Order Books
24 April 1774
For Clement Brooke

Mercery
2 ps duroy

Order Books
10 June 1774
For Aquila Hall

Mercery
1 ps pale blue camblet 40/

Order Books
29 August 1774
For Walter Hellen

One scarlet cloth cardinal not very high priced

Order Books
29 September 1774
For William Bond

Mercery
4 ps sagotheys diff’t colored & prices
6 ps figured stuffs different prices
2 ps figured poplins diff’t do
3 ps callimanco different colored
3 ps sky blue durants
6 ps camblets different prices
2 ps mixd silk do diff’t do
1 ps black everlasting
1 doz scarlet cardinals 15/
½ doz light colored do 15/

Order Books
1 November 1774
For William Bond

Mercery
6 ps camblets sorted
3 ps figured stuffs

Order books
No Date [1774]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson

Mercery
4 ps duroys well sorted
3 ps sagothy well sorted
4 ps fashionable mens crapes
4 ps black crape sorted
5 ps tammy black blue white pink & green
6 ps durants these colors & brown
2 ps black callimanco
2 ps blue do
3 ps good brown camblets sorted
4 black quilted Durant petticoats
4 blue do do
2 pink do do
2 green do do
1 ps black Russell

Order Books
17 November 1774
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson’s Nottingham Store ordered by Edward Botelar

Mercery
2 ps tammys black & white
3 ps durants black blue & green
3 ps callimanco black blue & pink
1 ps fashionable dayzett yard wide
1 ps do tobine do
1 ps do diamontee do
1 ps nonpareil
2 ps figured yard wide stuffs
1 ps blue camblett about 14 yds
1 ps drab colored do do
1 ps bombazine black              2 womens scarlet cloth
2 ps sagothys blue & brown                cardinals 12/6
1 ps fine duroys                         2 do do 13/
2 ps neat hair cambletts          2 do do 14/
1 ps sky blue rich crape            2 do do 16/
1 ps black Russell                      2 womens cloth cardinals 18/
Trimmings for the sagothy duroys hay cambletts & crape let the buttons for the crape be silver

Order Books
No Date [1774]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson’s Queen Anne Store

Mercery
3 ps camblets blue green & cloth colored 38 yds ea 48/
2 ps callimanco blue & black 32/
1 ps pink do 35/
1 ps black Russell 40 yards 60/
3 ps tammy blue green & black 24/
1 ps pink do 27/6
3 ps durants blue black & green 35/
1 ps pink do 37/6
3 ps figured & checked yard wide 32/6
2 ps tobine queen stuff 24 yards each 24/
2 ps do do 27/
1 ps yard wide light blue brocaded mecklinberg 30 yards 70/
1 ps silveret 20 yards 40/
1 ps ¾ queen stuff 26 yards 26/
1 ps colored crape 56 yards 80/
1 ps black and blue do 70/
1 ps Italian do for hatbands 20 yds 25/
1 ps tartan 54 yards 72/
2 ps duroy 18 yards 18/
2 ps fine do 24 yards 34/
1 ps sagothy 24 yards 36/
1 ps fine do 24 yards 48/
3 ps durants for duroys & sagothys 35/
Buttons & twist for do 15/
1 ps black sugdenim 30 yds 90/
2 ps lasting red and black 50/
Buttons silk & twist for denim & last’d 10/
2 red cloth cardinals 10/
2 do do 12/
2 do do 15/
2 do do 18/
2 do do 20/

Order Books
No Date [1774]
For Wallace Davidson and Johnson’s Pig Point Store

Mercery
2 worsted figures yard wide 30/
2 do do 32/
1 ps mourning crape 56 yds 75/
1 ps changeable do 80/
1 ps black tammys 24/
1 ps cloth colored do 25/
1 ps blue do 25/
1 ps green do 25/
1 ps pink in grain do 27/
1 ps black Durant 30/
1 ps white do 30/6
1 ps black callimanco 30/
1 ps blue do 28/
1 ps green do 28/6
1 ps pink in grain do 40/
1 ps brown dble wrapped camblet 39/
1 ps Italian crape 28 yds 1/6
1 ps ½ Ell black Russell 30 yds 50/
1 ps black cotton denim 15 yds 3/9
1 ps light blue duroy 20 yds 20/
1 ps fine brown do 24 yds 36/
1 ps do sagothy 58/
1 ps light blue do 60/
2 striped mozeens 25 yds 2/2
12 doz best coat dthead buttons @ 10d
12 doz breast do 5
1 ps bombazine 61 yards 1/9
16 yds white casmire 8/
5 doz coat dthead buttons for do 10d
4 doz vest do 5

Order Books
8 January 1775
For Charles Carroll of Carrolton

(appears to now switch to goods for RD)

Mercery
3 yards of the finest Marseilles Waving of the widest sort for a petticoat

N.B. This invoice to be packed under its proper mark

(appears to now switch to goods for MC)

Mercery
1 pea green stuff quilted petticoat made very light

N.B. This and the following invoice may be packed in one package. All the other carefully packed under their respective mark.

Order Books
20 March 1775
For Hall Gilbert & Hall

Mercery
1 ps brown camblett 36/
1 ps fine do 38/
2 ps neat figured stuffs 32/

Order Books
1 August 1775
For Alexander Ogg

Mercery
3 ps sagothy different colors 2/4 to 3/
2 ps duroys dark colors 1/6 to 1/10
1 ps green camblet 1/
1 ps brown do 1/
3 ps black callimanco 1/1
8 ps fash’b stuffs 4/4 different colors
1 ps green calamanco 1/1
1 ps blue do 1/2
1 ps red do 1/
2 ps black durants 1/
2 ps blue do 11d
1 ps green do 1/1
1 ps red do 10
1 ps black tammy 10
1 ps blue do 9 ½
1 ps red do 11
1 ps yellow do 9
1 ps green do 10
½ doz black flowered silk cardinals
½ doz plain do

Order Books
[  ] September 1775
For John Wilson

Mercery
1 ps blue or pale blue callimanco

Order Books
29 September 1775
For James Hutchings

Mercery
1 ps laylock colored silk 14 yards (lutestring)

Order Books
10 September 1775
For Edward Abell

Mercery
1 ps pink tammy 24/
1 ps green do 24/
1 ps yellow do 20/
1 ps black do 20/
6 scarlet cardinals 10/
3 do 12/
3 do 14/
3 do 16/
30 Ells black alamode 2/6

All Rights Reserved.